ENG3UP: Poetry Selections Compiled by Mrs. D. Wittmann
How do poetic devices convey the meaning of the poem?
What is your personal response to the poem? How was your response formed? You may consider such elements as diction, tone, structure, syntax, figurative language, and imagery. Your paragraph must be full and complete, with examples from the poem included within your answer.
Stanzas In poetry, a stanza (from Italian stanza, "room") is a grouped set of lines within a poem: 2-line stanzas: a couplet 3-line stanzas: a tercet or triplet 4-line stanzas: a quatrain 5-line stanzas: a cinquain or quintain 6-line stanzas: a sestet or sexain 7-line stanzas: a septet 8-line stanzas: an octave (or occasionally an octet)
The Launch: Poesy After writing her first song at age 9, POESY is now fully immersed in the alternative indie world of music. Her name is derived from an archaic word for poetry, and is a callback to her time as an English and Creative Writing major at Western University. POESY finds inspiration in literature, 1970s rock, thrift stores, and bus rides, to create the narratives present in her songwriting. POESY's infatuation with all types of art is behind the short story she wrote to accompany each track on her debut EP, “The Spotless Mind”. Her influences include Freddie Mercury, Katy Perry, Florence Welch, Kurt Cobain, and Stevie Nicks. Soldier of Love Performed by POESY Written by Stephan Moccio, Lindy Robbins Produced by Stephan Moccio
Elizabethan poet Philip Sidney wrote The Defence of Poesie around 1579, although the work wasn’t published until 1595 (after the author’s death). Sidney composed his Defence as a judicial address, an answer to the growing social criticism of poetry, theater and the arts in general—or what we might now call “entertainment”—in his age. Poetry was seen by puritanical critics as frivolous and corrupting. It muddled the mind with fanciful, trivial ideas that distracted attention from Christian ethics, the appreciation of history and the true philosophy of virtue. Sidney defends poetry’s honor by arguing that it brings together the best qualities of history (a lively and engaging narrative) and philosophy (a deep understanding of right and wrong) in a way that is more compelling to many readers than either history or philosophy could be on their own. He concludes that “the ever praiseworthy poesy is full of virtue, breeding delightfulness.
Sonnets From the Italian sonetto, which means “a little sound or song," the sonnet is a popular classical form that has compelled poets for centuries. Traditionally, the sonnet is a fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter, which employ one of several rhyme schemes and adhere to a tightly structured thematic organization. Two sonnet forms provide the models from which all other sonnets are formed: the Petrarchan and the Shakespearean (Grade 10).
William Shakespeare: The Bard Bardology The Sonnets 1 - 154 1 - 17 PROCREATIC SONNETS Meaning to produce an heir (procreate) The idealized man, fair youth, young, chaste (possibly Henry Wriothesley, the third Earl of Southampton) 18- 126 IMMORTALITY Immortalized through the Arts - Can writing overcome temporality? The lasting effects of writing, the buffer against the limitations of the world 127-154 THE DARK LADY Rougher, painful, agonized, unchaste There are scholars who believe that the dark lady could be one of three historical women: Mary Fitton, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth; Lucy Morgan, a brothel owner and former maid to Queen Elizabeth; and Emilia Lanier, the mistress of Lord Hundson, patron of the arts
Prologue to Act One Two households, both alike in dignity, In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life; Whose misadventured piteous overthrows Do with their death bury their parents' strife. The fearful passage of their death-mark'd love, And the continuance of their parents' rage, Which, but their children's end, nought could remove, Is now the two hours' traffic of our stage; The which if you with patient ears attend, What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend. Palmer's Sonnet (Love at first Sonnet) ROMEO [To JULIET] If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine, the gentle fine is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. JULIET Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, Which mannerly devotion shows in this; For saints have hands that pilgrims’ hands do touch, And palm to palm is holy palmers’ kiss. ROMEO Have not saints lips, and holy palmers too? JULIET Ay, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer. ROMEO O, then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do; They pray, grant thou, lest faith turn to despair. JULIET Saints do not move, though grant for prayers’ sake. ROMEO Then move not, while my prayer’s effect I take. (1.5.91-104) Prologue to Act Two Now old desire doth in his death-bed lie, And young affection gapes to be his heir; That fair for which love groan'd for and would die, With tender Juliet match'd, is now not fair. Now Romeo is beloved and loves again, like betwitched by the charm of looks, But to his foe supposed he must complain, And she steal love's sweet bait from fearful hooks: Being held a foe, he may not have access To breathe such vows as lovers use to swear; And she as much in love, her means much less To meet her new-beloved any where: But passion lends them power, time means, to meet Tempering extremities with extreme sweet.
Reviewing the Sonnet: Romeo and Juliet
Petrarchan Sonnet The first and most common sonnet is the Petrarchan, or Italian. Named after one of its greatest practitioners, the Italian poet Petrarch, the Petrarchan sonnet is normally one stanza divided into the octave (the first eight lines) followed by the answering sestet (the final six lines). The tightly woven rhyme scheme, abba, abba, cdecde or cdcdcd, is suited for the rhyme-rich Italian language, though there are many fine examples in English. Since the Petrarchan presents an argument, observation, question, or some other answerable charge in the octave, a turn, or volta, occurs between the eighth and ninth lines. This turn marks a shift in the direction of the foregoing argument or narrative, turning the sestet into the vehicle for the counterargument, clarification, or whatever answer the octave demands.
Sonnets from the Portuguese (Sonnet 43): How do I love thee? by Elizabeth Barrett Browning - Petrarchan Sonnet (Italian) Elizabeth Barrett Browning was one of the most fêted poets of her age, a candidate for poet laureate after the death of William Wordsworth. She is now best known for her Sonnets from the Portuguese (1850), love poems to her husband Robert Browning, who called her ‘my little Portuguese’ because of her dark looks. In a letter she described herself as ‘“little & black” like Sappho … five feet one high … eyes of various colours as the sun shines … not much nose … but to make up for it, a mouth suitable to a larger personality’.
AP Multiple Choice 1. The first two lines of the poem can best be described as having a a. repetitive cadence b. series of passionate refrains c. syntax that is dry and simple d. balance between logial structured form and wide-reaching feelings the poet has for her husband e. central focus built around her feelings for her religion 2. A sound that repeats continually in the poem is a. an s sound b. the f and th sounds c. the ch sound d. an sh sound e. a p sound 3. The literary device found in line 3 is a. personification b. simile c. pun d. apostrophe e. metaphor
4. Lines 7 and 8 are examples of a. personification b. antithesis c. similes d. onomatopoeia e. paradox 5. The tone of the speaker can best be described as one of a. lust b. mirth c. fondness d. narcissism e. passion 6. A word that can best describe the language used in the poem is a. figurative b. colloquial c. artificial d. cultured e. moralistic
7. The purpose of the poem is to a. summarize the kinds of love the poet feels b. persuade by using both logic and emotion c. compare and contrast the type of love the poet feels d. narrate the story of the poet's courtship e. describe the type of love the poet has for God 8. Browning's style and syntax can best be described as a. lilting and lyrical b. plain and austere c. dry and solid d. disorganized e. staccato and abrupt
Ozymandias by Percy Bysshe Shelley - sonnet Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) is one of the most famous poets in all of English literature. He was one of a group of poets who became known as The Romantics. Shelley was well known as a 'radical' during his lifetime and some people think "Ozymandias" reflects this side of his character. Although it is about the remains of a statue of Ozymandias (another name for the Egyptian pharaoh Rameses II) it can be read as a criticism of people or systems that become huge and believe themselves to be invincible. "Ozymandias" is a sonnet (a poem of 14 lines), although it doesn't have the same, simple rhyme scheme or punctuation that most sonnets have. Some lines are split by full stops and the rhyme is irregular at times. It is written in iambic pentameter, which Shakespeare used widely in his plays and sonnets.
‘It is one of the best-known and most accessible poems. It was written sometime between December 1817 and January 1818, and was probably the result of a sonnet competition between Shelley and his friend Horace Smith, who stayed with the Shelleys at their home Marlow between 26 and 28 December. In such competitions two or more poets would each write a sonnet on an agreed subject against the clock. ‘Ozymandias’ was first printed in The Examiner on 11 January 1818; Smith’s sonnet, also entitled ‘Ozymandias’ was published in the same newspaper on 1 February. Shelley’s poem was the last of the ‘other poems’ he included in Rosalind and Helen, published in 1819.
Is Breaking Bad's "Ozymandias" the greatest episode of TV ever written? "Ozymandias" is the fourteenth episode of the fifth of the American television drama series Breaking Bad. The episode of Breaking Bad, the never-more-aptly titled "Ozymandias", is already being talked about as one of the best episodes of TV ever made. In a show famous for its elaborate set-ups to incredible pay-offs, there wasn't a spare second in 45 relentless minutes of pure reckoning. Ozymandias, of course, is the 'king of kings', the forgotten wreckage of whose once-great empire is found crumbling into the desert in Percy Shelley's famous sonnet. How does the poem parallel the television series, and this episode in particular?
AP Multiple Choice 1. In the statement “Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!” (11) Ozymandias is speaking to a. The sculptor of the statue b. Other powerful figures c. The traveler d. Percy Bysshe Shelley e. himself 2. "The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed;" (8) is an example of a. synecdoche b. metonymy c. symbolism d. allusion e. litotes 3. The “shattered visage” (4) refers to a. The broken-off head of the statue b. A terrible sight near the base of the statue c. The traveler’s foggy memory of what he saw d. The two vast and trunkless legs of the statue e. The artist's interpretation
4. The description of the statue’s visage tells us that Ozymandias was probably a. Benevolent b. Cruel c. Handsome d. Powerful e. Idealistic 5. “These lifeless things” (7) refers to a. The hand and the heart b. Ozymandias’s works c. The pieces of stone d. The desert e. The sculptor's tools 6. Lines 13 and 14 are examples of the sound device a. assonance b.consonance c. alliteration d. onomatopoeia e. repetition
7. In the poem, who or what gets the final word? a. The traveler b. Space c. Time d. The sculptor e. Ozymandias 8. Who is the audience? a. Ozymandias b. The first speaker c. The second speaker d. The sculptor e. The peasants
She Walks in Beauty by George Gordon Byron - Lyric Born in 1788, Lord Byron was one of the leading figures of the Romantic Movement in early 19th century England. The notoriety of his sexual escapades is surpassed only by the beauty and brilliance of his writings. Lady Caroline Lamb, described Byron as "mad, bad and dangerous to know." After leading an unconventional lifestyle and producing a massive amount of emotionally stirring literary works, Byron died in 1824, at age 36, in Greece pursuing romantic adventures of heroism. On the evening of June 11, 1814, Byron attended a party with his friend, James Wedderburn Webster, at the London home of Lady Sarah Caroline Sitwell. Among the other guests was the beautiful Mrs. Anne Beatrix Wilmot, the wife of Byron’s first cousin, Sir Robert Wilmot. Her exquisite good looks dazzled Byron and inspired him to write 'She Walks in Beauty."
The circumstances that gave birth to Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein (1818) read like something from a Gothic story in themselves. Mary’s unconventional life up to the summer of 1816 (when she was still only 18), along with the company in which she found herself in June of that year - and even the unusual weather conditions at the time - all contributed to the book’s genesis. The vital spark that gave the novel life however was Lord Byron’s suggestion one evening at the Villa Diodati, as candlelight flickered within the house and lightning flashed across the surface of the lake outside, that those present should turn their hands to the writing of ghost stories. It was a casual ploy to while away a few hours in an atmosphere of delicious fear, but it resulted in two iconic tales: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, a story of scientific transgression and a cautionary warning about the need to take responsibility for one’s actions; and John Polidori’s The Vampyre, a tale which influenced Bram Stoker’s novel Dracula.
AP Multiple Choice 1. The woman's beauty is compared to night because a. she is dark and mysterious b. her eyes are dark and bright c. her countenance is clear and bright d. she is wearing a black dress covered in spangles e. her beauty is heavenly 2. The stanza form is a. quatrain b. sestet c. septet d. octet e. tercet 3. The speaker appreciates the woman for her a. beauty b. purity c. intellect d. tenderness e. serenity
4. The woman's physical beauty and personal demeanor are a. juxtaposed b. ambiguous c. harmonious d. paradoxical e. antithetical 5. The attributes of the woman in the poem are conveyed by all of the following except a. contrast b. comparison c. imagery d. description e. repetition 6. The second stanza describes a. the woman's head b. light from the sun c. an expression d. a pleasant home e. dark waters
7. The poet's description of the woman are all of the following except a. sentimental b. subjective c. appreciative d. nostalgic e. idealistic 8. The speaker in the poem concludes that the woman is the embodiment of a. a winning smile and a pretty face b. goodness and happiness c. purity and love d. eloquence and sincerity e. innocence and tranquility
Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas - Villanelle Dylan Thomas was born in Swansea, Wales, in 1914 (he died in 1953). He was a very popular poet during his lifetime. His most famous works include "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" and "Under Milk Wood", which began life as a radio play and explores a gently sleeping Welsh village in poetic voices. He is one of the most important Welsh poets of the 20th century, although he only wrote in English. He led a tempestuous life, both in terms of the women with whom he was involved and his excessive drinking. He did not serve in the war because of health problems, but instead wrote scripts for the BBC, which were his contribution to the war effort. He was living in London during the time of the Blitz.
The poem is about getting old and close to death. Instead of giving in and going gracefully the poem urges people – and particularly the narrator’s father – to protest and rage against the end of their life. It lists all sorts of people who do exactly that. It is about the end of life, and reactions to that. "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" is a villanelle, a form of poem that has 19 lines. The first and third lines of the first stanza are used alternately as the last lines of the remaining stanzas, except for the last one, where both are used together as a rhyming couplet, making that stanza into four lines rather than three. The middle lines of all the stanzas also rhyme with each other, so the poem follows the rhyme scheme ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABAA. It is a very formal structure for a poem, and it is unusual for Thomas to use it. This poem is considered to be one of the finest examples of a villanelle.
AP Multiple Choice 1. All of the following phrases are used to express the speaker's feelings about death except a. "Old age should burn and rave at close of day;" b. "Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray." c. "Do not go gentle into that good night," d. "Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay," e. "Rage, rage against the dying of the light." 2. The poem's dominant literary device is a. hyperbole b. apostrophe c. allusion d. simile e. sarcasm 3. The most unusual aspect of the poem is its a. contemporary allusions b. use of figurative language c. themes d. rhyme pattern and rhythm e. juxtaposition of poetic form and subject matter
4. "That good night" repeated in the poem is a metaphor for a. death b. life c. heaven d. life beyond the grave e. a better place 5. All of the following are characteristics of the poem's style except a. euphemistic language b. figurative language c. free verse d. tightly controlled poetic form e. repetition 6. The poem's description of "good men" primarily calls attention to a. their blindness b. how wise they are c. their unhappiness d. how they feel about death e. their goods
7. The speaker equates death with which of the following a. "words had forked no lightning" b. "frail deeds" c. "close of day" d. "blinding sight" e. "sad height" 8. Which of the following would not be accurate about the poem? a. Its language is emotional b. It is frequently allegorical c. It uses repetition d. It employs a highly structured poetic form e. The tone is pleading
Mending Wall by Robert Frost - Narrative "Who are bad neighbors? " asked H. D. Thoreau, for the sole purpose of answering his own question. "They who suffer their neighbors' cattle to go at large because they don't want their ill will,—are afraid to anger them. They are abettors of the ill-doers." Thoreau could have as readily asked, "Who are good neighbors?" Whereupon, following his reasoning, one could answer, "Those who build and maintain walls which keep out their neighbors' cattle." How, and indeed whether, the good will of one's neighbor is fostered by boundaries, however, was a general question that would engage Thoreau's latter-day disciple, Robert Frost. Were walls and fences instrumental in the retention and renewal of human relationships Is a question central to "Mending Wall." The answers the poem presents us with are somewhat less than clear- cut. This is so, at least partly, because Frost has purposely and purposefully left out of his poem a piece of important information.
AP Multiple Choice 1. The "something" referred to in lines 1 and 35 is a. hunters b. neighbours c. dogs d. nature e. elves 2. The speaker's tone in the poem could best be described as a. contemptuous b. philosophical c. weary d. bitter e. strident 3. The metaphors in line 24 serve primarily to a. reinforce the uniqueness of the speaker and his neighbour b. reveal the crops grown by the speaker and his neighbour c. emphasizing the contrasting nature of the speaker and his neighbour d. provide a hint of the neighbour's attitude towards the speaker e. underline the vast areas encompassed by the two farms
4. The speaker's neighbour is depicted as a. reserved and belligerent b. silent and aggressive c. talkative and threatening d. quiet and friendly e. laconic and traditional 5. The main idea of the poem is most clearly stated in which of the following lines a. lines 1 - 4 b. lines 12 - 14 c. lines 32 - 34 d. lines 41 - 42 e. line 45 6. The speaker primarily wants his neighbour to a. think for himself and dare to question received and inherited attitudes b. realize that it is senseless to work on repairing a wall between orchards c. admit that fences do not make good neighbours d. be a better neighbour and act more kindly in the future e. understand that the wall is needed only because the neighbour is hostile
7. The speaker most likely views "a wall" as a. something that is necessary to preserve boundaries between people who may not agree on issues b. an often unnecessary separation of people primarily on archaic beliefs c. a man-made evil that destroys the symmetry and beauty of the natural landscape d. a unifying force that brings people together to maintain the thing that protects their individuality e. preservation of all that is good in life and a deterrent to those who would invade or destroy that goodness 8. "My apple trees will never get across / And eat the cones under his pines," is an example of a. simile b. imagery c. personification d. exaggeration e. metaphor
Daddy by Sylvia Plath - Elegy Born in 1932 in Boston, Plath was the daughter of a German immigrant college professor, Otto Plath, and one of his students, Aurelia Schober. The poet’s early years were spent near the seashore, but her life changed abruptly when her father died in 1940. Some of her most vivid poems, including the well-known "Daddy" concern her troubled relationship with her authoritarian father and her feelings of betrayal when he died. Sylvia Plath desperately wanted to make her poems relevant for people. She said so herself. Overall, I think she succeeded. Her poems are read and appreciated and even loved by many world wide. Her work is not mere free verse confessional; many of her better poems are technically adept, complex and beautifully dark.
"Daddy" is an attempt to combine the personal with the mythical. It has a cutting edge that slices into your mind and heart. It's unsettling, a weird nursery rhyme of the divided self, not an uncontrolled fit of temper aimed at her father and husband. The father is seen as a black shoe, a giant statue, a swastika and a vampire. The girl (narrator, speaker) is a victim, ending up in some strange places - in a black shoe, in a sack, and in a sense, in the train as it chugs along. It manages to express Sylvia Plath's own inner pain by skilfully dressing up in lyrical form and offering the reader a kind of black myth that combines the lighter echoes of Mother Goose with much darker resonances of World War 2. "Daddy" is full of disturbing imagery. That's why some have called "Daddy" the Guernica of modern poetry.
An accurate depiction of a cruel, dramatic situation, Guernica was created to be part of the Spanish Pavilion at the International Exposition in Paris in 1937. Pablo Picasso’s motivation for painting the scene in this great work was the news of the German aerial bombing of the Basque town whose name the piece bears, which the artist had seen in the dramatic photographs published in various periodicals, including the French newspaper L'Humanité.
https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/a-close-reading-of-daddy
AP Multiple Choice 1. What theme is implied in “Daddy”? a. Miscommunication isn’t complicated and doesn’t need to be addressed. b. The only way to rid oneself of haunting memories is to confront them. c. Relationships are simple. d. We are never attracted to what we hate. e. Fathers play an insignificant role in the lives of their children. 2. When the speaker says she feels like a foot in a shoe, what is the foot a simile for? a. her entrapment b. her naturalism c. her structure d. her support e. her isolation 3. The speaker’s “tongue stuck in her jaw” is an example of what figurative language device? a. hyperbole b. metaphor c. personification d. simile e. allusion
4. What is the subtext of the speaker saying she married a “man in black with a Meinkampf look”? a. She married a German b. She married a killer c. She married a Nazi d. She married a soldier e. Sh married an anarchist 5. What are the villagers who stab the vampire a metaphor for in the last stanza? a. the father’s emotions b. the speaker’s emotions c. the speaker’s husband’s emotions d. the speaker’s mother’s emotions e. the villagers emotions 6. Why does the speaker refer to her father as a God in “Daddy”? a. to imply how immortal he is b. to imply how old and wise he is c. to imply how she looked up to him d. to imply how she sacrificed to him e. to imply how he is both omniscient and omnipotent
7. What is the tone of most of the poem? a. calm b. eerie c. supportive d. uncomplicated e. mystifying 8. What is the tone of the end of the poem? a. confident b. defeated c. hesitant d. insecure e. didactic
My Last Duchess by Robert Browning - Dramatic Monologue Robert Browning (1812-1889) was heavily influenced as a youngster by his father's extensive collection of books and art. His father was a bank clerk and collected thousands of books, some of which were hundreds of years old and written in languages such as Greek and Hebrew. By the time he was five, it was said that Browning could already read and write well. He was a big fan of the poet Shelley and asked for all of Shelley's works for his thirteenth birthday. By the age of fourteen, he'd learned Latin, Greek and French. Browning went to the University of London but left because it didn't suit him.
He married fellow poet Elizabeth Barrett but they had to run away and marry in secret because of her over-protective father. They moved to Italy and had a son, Robert. Father and son moved to London when Elizabeth died in 1861. Browning is best known for his use of the dramatic monologue. "My Last Duchess" is an example of this and it also reflects Browning's love of history and European culture as the story is based on the life of an Italian Duke from the sixteenth century. The characters mentioned in this poem are based on real life, historical figures. The narrator is Duke Alfonso II who ruled a place in northern Italy called Ferrara between 1559 and 1597. The Duchess of whom he speaks was his first wife,Lucrezia de' Medici who died in 1561 aged 17, only two years after he married her. In real life, Lucrezia died in suspicious circumstances and might have been poisoned.
AP Multiple Choice 1. The Duke a. loved his last duchess b. is still mourning c. he is entertaining a new offer of marriage out of courtesy to the Count d. is suspicious of the listener e. is certain of his judgment of his last duchess 2. The last Duchess a. was a flirt b. was a commoner and did not know the proper etiquette for behaviour toard her servants c. was a shrew who spoke back to her husband d. was a vivacious, joyful young woman e. was disrespectful of the Duke's authority 3. Fra Pandolf was a. the artist hired to paint the Duchess's official portrait b. the Duchess's lover c. the Duke's priest d. the Duke's brother e. the Duke's butler
4. The Duke wants a. a loan from the Count b. the Count's blessing to marry again c. to marry the Count's daughter d. to be a Count e. to sell the painful portrait of his first wife 5. "My Last Duchess" is an example of a a. soliloquy b. dramatic monologue c. eulogy d. villanelle e. sonnet 6. As a narrator, the Duke is a. grief stricken b. reliable c. unreliable d. omniscient e. third-person
7. "My Last Duchess" is mostly an example of a a. dramatic irony b. verbal irony c. situational irony d. satire e. comedy 8. "My Last Duchess" was inspired by Robert Browning's a. relationship with his wife, Elizabeth Barrett Browning b. readings of the works of Edgar Allan Poe c. knowledge of Italian Renaissance history d. affair with a Duchess e. friendship with the Duke dramatized in the poem
Multiple Choice Answer Key How Do I Love Thee 1.d 2.b 3.a 4.c 5.e 6.a 7.b 8.a Ozymandias 1.b 2.a 3.a 4.b 5.c 6.c 7.a 8.b She Walks in Beauty 1.d 2.b 3.e 4.c 5.e 6.a 7.d 8 e Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night 1.d 2.b 3.e 4.a 5.c 6.d 7.c 8 b Mending Wall 1.d 2.b 3.c 4.a 5.c 6.a 7.b 8.c Daddy 1.b 2.a 3.c 4.a 5.b 6.c 7.b 8.a My Last Duchess 1.e 2.d 3.a 4. c 5.b 6.c 7.b 8 c